Firmware for the 20-servo Shield

Published on 2016-12-19 in Servo Breakout for WeMos D1 Mini.

It took some work, and it took some compromises. I ended up not using the first trick I mentioned, of sending the signals for each port separately. I also ended up needing sorting anyways, but did that with a horrible O(n²) insertion sort – anything to save some bytes. But it’s here and it works. I even managed to squeeze in an array for remapping the channel numbers to what is actually written on the shield. The whole thing has 990 bytes and you can see it below, or in this repository: https://bitbucket.org/thesheep/d1-mini-20ch-servo/src

---

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <inttypes.h>


#define I2C_ADDRESS 0x10
#define I2C_BUFFER_SIZE 32


static unsigned char i2c_buffer[I2C_BUFFER_SIZE];
static unsigned char i2c_cursor;
static union {
    unsigned char bytes[2];
    unsigned int value;
} bytes2int;


#define MAX_SERVO 20

static uint16_t servo_pulse[MAX_SERVO];

volatile static uint16_t servo_delay[MAX_SERVO + 1];
volatile static uint8_t servo_mask_b[MAX_SERVO];
volatile static uint8_t servo_mask_c[MAX_SERVO];
volatile static uint8_t servo_mask_d[MAX_SERVO];
volatile static uint8_t servo_event;

// Remap servo numbers to pins.
// 0 = PB0  1 = PB1  2 = PB2  3 = PB3  4 = PB4  5 = PB5  6 = PB6 7 = PB7
// 8 = PC0  9 = PC1  10 = PC2  11 = PC3  12 = PD0 13 = PD1  14 = PD2  15 = PD3
// 16 = PD4  17 = PD5  18 = PD6 19 = PD7
const static uint8_t servo_map[MAX_SERVO] = {
    13, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 6, 7, 17, 9, 8, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 19, 18
};

ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) {
    servo_event = 0;
    PORTB = 0b11111111;
    PORTC = 0b00001111; // leave out RESET, SDA, SCL, PC7
    PORTD = 0b11111111;
    TCNT1 = 0;
    OCR1B = servo_delay[0];
}


ISR(TIMER1_COMPB_vect) {
    PORTB &= servo_mask_b[servo_event];
    PORTC &= servo_mask_c[servo_event];
    PORTD &= servo_mask_d[servo_event];
    servo_event += 1;
    OCR1B = servo_delay[servo_event];
}


void servo_update() {
    uint16_t last_pulse = 0;
    for (uint8_t event = 0; event < 8; ++event) {
        uint16_t smallest_pulse = 0xffff;
        for (uint8_t servo = 0; servo < MAX_SERVO; ++servo) {
            if (servo_pulse[servo] > last_pulse &&
                servo_pulse[servo] < smallest_pulse) {
                    smallest_pulse = servo_pulse[servo];
            }
        }
        servo_delay[event] = smallest_pulse;
        servo_mask_b[event] = 0xff;
        for (uint8_t servo = 0; servo < 8; ++servo) {
            if (servo_pulse[servo] <= smallest_pulse) {
                servo_mask_b[event] &= ~(1 << servo);
            }
        }
        servo_mask_c[event] = 0xff;
        for (uint8_t servo = 0; servo < 4; ++servo) {
            if (servo_pulse[8 + servo] <= smallest_pulse) {
                servo_mask_c[event] &= ~(1 << servo);
            }
        }
        servo_mask_d[event] = 0xff;
        for (uint8_t servo = 0; servo < 8; ++servo) {
            if (servo_pulse[12 + servo] <= smallest_pulse) {
                servo_mask_d[event] &= ~(1 << servo);
            }
        }
        last_pulse = smallest_pulse;
    }
}


int main() {
    // setup i2c slave
    PORTC |= 1<<PC4 | 1<<PC5; // enable pullups
    TWAR = I2C_ADDRESS<<1;

    // setup servos
    TCCR1A = 0x00;
    TCCR1B &= ~(1<<CS12 | 1<<CS11 | 1<<CS10);
    TCCR1B = 0x02; // prescaler 8
    OCR1A = 20000; // period
    TIMSK1 = 1<<OCIE1A | 1<<OCIE1B;
    DDRB = 0xff;
    DDRC = 0x0f;
    DDRD = 0xff;
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_SERVO; ++i) {
        servo_pulse[i] = 0;
        servo_delay[i] = 0xffff;
    }
    servo_delay[MAX_SERVO] = 0xffff;
    servo_update();
    sei();
    TCCR1C |= 1<<FOC1A; // trigger COMPA

    // run i2c slave
    while (1) {
        TWCR = 1<<TWEN | 1<<TWINT | 1<<TWEA;
        while (!(TWCR & (1<<TWINT))) {}
        switch (TWSR & 0xF8) {
            case 0x60: // received address for write and acked
                i2c_cursor = 0;
                break;
            case 0x80: // received data and acked
            case 0x88: // received data and nacked
                if (i2c_cursor < I2C_BUFFER_SIZE) {
                    i2c_buffer[i2c_cursor++] = TWDR;
                }
                break;
            case 0xa0: // stop or repeated start received
                if (i2c_cursor > 0) {
                    unsigned char i2c_servo = i2c_buffer[0];
                    for (unsigned char i = 1; i < i2c_cursor - 1; i += 2) {
                        if (i2c_servo >= 20) {
                            i2c_servo = 0;
                        }
                        bytes2int.bytes[0] = i2c_buffer[i];
                        bytes2int.bytes[1] = i2c_buffer[i + 1];
                        servo_pulse[servo_map[i2c_servo]] = bytes2int.value;
                        i2c_servo += 1;
                    }
                    servo_update();
                }
                break;
        }
    }
}

And output from avr-size:

avr-size --format=avr --mcu=atmega328p main.elf
AVR Memory Usage
----------------
Device: atmega328p

Program:     990 bytes (3.0% Full)
(.text + .data + .bootloader)

Data:        198 bytes (9.7% Full)
(.data + .bss + .noinit)

(Yes, the Data section doesn’t count, I checked that only the Program is getting flashed.)Yes, the whole program is in one large file, and only divided into two functions. Why? To save the few bytes. I also fixed the prescaler to 8, so I get one tick per µs, which makes all the computations a bit easier. There is no address selection, because that shield does it on the analog-only pins, and the ADC-reading code would add much too much to the program size. You can change the address by re-flashing new firmware, of course.

I’m also wasting the RAM quite liberally whenever that lets me save a few bytes of code memory. I don’t care, I’m only using 10% of the available amount anyways.